CREATE TABLE table_yuwen
(
    table_id int,
    table_chengji int,
    table_type varchar(10)
)
INSERT INTO table_yuwen 
select 1,70,'语文' union 
select 2,80,'语文'

create table table_shuxue
(
    table_id int,
    table_chengji int,
    table_type varchar(10)
)
insert into table_shuxue
select 1,70,'数学' union 
select 2,90,'数学'

create table lock_table
(
    lock_id int,
    lock_table varchar(20),    --表名
    table_id int            --表名id
)
insert into lock_table
select 1,'table_yuwen',1 union 
select 2,'table_shuxue',1

/*
要求结果：
lock_id     lock_table           table_id    table_type table_chengji
----------- -------------------- ----------- ---------- -------------
1           table_yuwen          1           语文         70
2           table_shuxue         1           数学         70

(2 行受影响)

*/

drop table table_yuwen
drop table table_shuxue
drop table lock_table
CREATE TABLE table_yuwen
(
    table_id int,
    table_chengji int,
    table_type nvarchar(10)
)
INSERT INTO table_yuwen 
select 1,70,N'语文' union 
select 2,80,N'语文'

create table table_shuxue
(
    table_id int,
    table_chengji int,
    table_type nvarchar(10)
)
insert into table_shuxue
select 1,70,N'数学' union 
select 2,90,N'数学'

create table lock_table
(
    lock_id int,
    lock_table varchar(20),    --表名
    table_id int            --表名id
)
insert into lock_table
select 1,'table_yuwen',1 union 
select 2,'table_shuxue',1

declare @sql nvarchar(max)
select @sql=isnull(@sql,'')+stuff((select ' union all '+('select *,'''+lock_table+''' lock_table from '+lock_table+' where table_id='+ltrim(table_id)) from lock_table
for xml path('')),1,10,'')
select @sql='select lock_id,tt.* from lock_table t,('+@sql+')tt where t.table_id=tt.table_id and tt.lock_table=t.lock_table '
exec(@sql)

/*
lock_id     table_id    table_chengji table_type lock_table
----------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ------------
1           1           70            语文         table_yuwen
2           1           70            数学         table_shuxue

*/

------解决方案--------------------

SQL code
DECLARE @row INT,@i INT,@sql VARCHAR(MAX)
SET @i=1
IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#t') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE #t
SELECT DISTINCT id=IDENTITY(INT,1,1),lock_table INTO #t FROM lock_table 
SET @row=@@ROWCOUNT
WHILE @i<=@row
    BEGIN 
        SELECT  @sql=ISNULL(@sql+CHAR(10)+'UNION ALL'+CHAR(10),'')+'SELECT * FROM lock_table AS a JOIN '+lock_table+
                    ' AS b ON a.table_id=b.table_id AND lock_table='''+lock_table+''''
        FROM #t WHERE id=@i
        SET @i=@i+1
    END 
EXEC(@sql)